Preparation and Properties of Porous Hydrogels Based on the Salting-out Effect

Peng Wang; Xue-zhen Feng; Xian Cheng; Jing Wang; Hai-bo Zhang; Yu-Xiang Chen

doi:10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Preparation and Properties of Porous Hydrogels Based on the Salting-out Effect

更新时间：2026-06-11

- Preparation and Properties of Porous Hydrogels Based on the Salting-out Effect
- Acta Polymerica Sinica Pages: 1-13(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所江苏省生物质能源与材料重点实验室国家林业和草原局林产化学工程重点实验室林木生物质低碳高效利用国家工程研究中心南京 21004
  2.南京林业大学江苏省林业资源高效加工利用协同创新中心南京 210037
- 作者简介：
  
  Hai-bo Zhang, E-mail: shdzhanghaibo@163.com
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025
  CLC：
- CSTR：32057.14.GFZXB.2026.7595
- Received：29 January 2026，
  
  Accepted：27 March 2026，
  
  Online First：11 June 2026，
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
汪鹏, 冯雪贞, 程贤, 王婧, 张海波, 陈玉湘. 基于盐析效应的多孔水凝胶的制备及性能研究. 高分子学报, doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025.

Wang, P.; Feng, X. Z.; Cheng, X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H. B.; Chen, Y. X. Preparation and properties of porous hydrogels based on the salting-out effect. Acta Polymerica Sinica (in Chinese), doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025.
汪鹏, 冯雪贞, 程贤, 王婧, 张海波, 陈玉湘. 基于盐析效应的多孔水凝胶的制备及性能研究. 高分子学报, doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025. DOI： CSTR： 32057.14.GFZXB.2026.7595.

Wang, P.; Feng, X. Z.; Cheng, X.; Wang, J.; Zhang, H. B.; Chen, Y. X. Preparation and properties of porous hydrogels based on the salting-out effect. Acta Polymerica Sinica (in Chinese), doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2026.26025. DOI： CSTR： 32057.14.GFZXB.2026.7595.

摘要

多孔水凝胶具有孔隙可调、高比表面积、低密度及可变形性等优点，在生物医学和柔性传感领域应用广泛，然而存在力学性能不足的问题. 针对这一挑战，本研究提出了一种基于盐析效应与多重交联协同作用的策略，用于制备高强度高韧性多孔水凝胶. 利用镓基液态金属(LM)与水介质之间发生原位氧化还原反应产生的氢气驱动体系快速发泡形成多孔结构，并结合盐析效应诱导的疏水缔合，在动态硼酸酯键、金属离子配位键和氢键等多重物理化学交联作用下，制备出兼具高强度高韧性以及高导电率的LMCNF多孔水凝胶. 实验结果表明，在LM添加量为7.5 wt%、聚乙烯醇(PVA)含量为16 wt%以及柠檬酸钠溶液浓度为20 wt%的最优制备条件下，LMCNF多孔水凝胶的拉伸强度达1009.47 kPa，韧性为1520.6 kJ/m

，断裂伸长率为266.06%，电导率为8.39 mS/cm. 此外，该水凝胶在压缩过程中呈现出灵敏、稳定且可逆的电阻响应，具有较高的应变系数(GF最高达1.68)和较宽的工作范围，同时还具备优异的循环压缩稳定性和抗疲劳性能，在70%压缩应变下循环100次仍能恢复其初始形态，在柔性电子器件、智能传感器与健康监测等领域的展现出潜在的应用价值.

Abstract

In recent years

porous hydrogels have demonstrated broad application prospects in fields such as drug delivery

tissue engineering

and flexible sensors

due to their highly tunable pore structure

large specific surface area

low density

and deformability. However

influenced by high porosity and high water content

porous hydrogels often suffer from insufficient mechanical properties. To address this challenge

we proposed a strategy based on the synergistic effect of salting-out and multiple crosslinking for preparing high-strength and high-toughness porous hydrogels. Utilizing the hydrogen gas generated by the

in situ

redox reaction between gallium-based liquid metal (LM) and the aqueous medium

rapid foaming of the system was driven to form a porous structure. Combined with hydrophobic association induced by the salting-out effect and the interaction of multiple physical-chemical crosslinks such as dynamic borate ester bonds

metal ion coordination bonds

and hydrogen bonds

an LMCNF porous hydrogel with high strength

high toughness

and high conductivity was fabricated. Experimental results showed t

hat under optimal preparation conditions with an LM (7.5 wt%)

PVA (16 wt%)

and sodium citrate solution (20 wt%)

the LMCNF porous hydrogel achieved a tensile strength of 1009.47 kPa

toughness of 1520.6 kJ/m

elongation at break of 266.06%

and electrical conductivity of 8.39 mS/cm. Furthermore

the hydrogel exhibited a sensitive

stable

and reversible resistance response during compression

with a high gauge factor (GF up to 1.68) and a wide operating range. It also demonstrated excellent cyclic compression stability and fatigue resistance

maintaining its initial morphology after 100 compression cycles at 70% compressive strain. These characteristics highlight its potential applications in flexible electronic devices

smart sensors

and health monitoring.

关键词

Keywords

references

Wang, C.; Zhang, Y. F.; Zhang, B. R.; Yang, J. L. 3D printable ultra-highly porous and mechanically strong foam materials for multiple applications . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2023 , 33 ( 7 ), 2205537 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202205537 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202205537

Foudazi R. ; Zowada R. ; Manas-Zloczower I. ; Feke D. L. Porous hydrogels: Present challenges and future opportunities . Langmuir , 2023 , 39 ( 6 ), 2092 - 2111 . doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02253 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02253

Dai Q. M. ; Liao W. Y. ; Liu J. F. ; Su M. Y. ; Wang P. F. ; Xu Z. B. ; Huang X. Microfluidic bubble-templating 3D printing of ordered macroporous hydrogels . Compos. Part B Eng. , 2024 , 284 , 111725 . doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111725 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.111725

Li N. ; Luo L. ; Guo C. ; He J. T. ; Wang S. X. ; Yu L. M. ; Wang M. ; Murto P. ; Xu X. F. Shape-controlled fabrication of cost-effective, scalable and anti-biofouling hydrogel foams for solar-powered clean water production . Chem. Eng. J. , 2022 , 431 , 134144 . doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.134144 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134144

Lei C. X. ; Park J. ; Guan W. X. ; Zhao Y. X. ; Johnston K. P. ; Yu G. H. Biomimetically assembled sponge-like hydrogels for efficient solar water purification . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2023 , 33 ( 38 ), 2303883 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202303883 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202303883

Xue W. ; Lee D. ; Kong Y. F. ; Kuss M. ; Huang Y. ; Kim T. ; Chung S. ; Dudley A. T. ; Ro S. H. ; Duan B. A facile strategy for the fabrication of cell-laden porous alginate hydrogels based on two-phase aqueous emulsions . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2023 , 33 ( 35 ), 2214129 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202214129 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202214129

Mattos B. D. ; Zhu Y. ; Tardy B. L. ; Beaumont M. ; Ribeiro A. C. R. ; Missio A. L. ; Otoni C. G. ; Rojas O. J. Versatile assembly of metal-phenolic network foams enabled by tannin-cellulose nanofibers . Adv. Mater. , 2023 , 35 ( 12 ), 2209685 . doi: 10.1002/adma.202209685 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202209685

Guo Y. H. ; de Vasconcelos L. S. ; Manohar N. ; Geng J. F. ; Johnston K. P. ; Yu G. H. Highly elastic interconnected porous hydrogels through self-assembled templating for solar water purification . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2022 , 61 ( 3 ), e 202114074 . doi: 10.1002/anie.202114074 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202114074

Guo Y. H. ; Zhao X. ; Zhao F. ; Jiao Z. H. ; Zhou X. Y. ; Yu G. H. Tailoring surface wetting states for ultrafast solar-driven water evaporation . Energy Environ. Sci. , 2020 , 13 ( 7 ), 2087 - 2095 . doi: 10.1039/d0ee00399a http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee00399a

Jian N. N. ; Guo R. ; Zuo L. ; Sun Y. B. ; Xue Y. ; Liu J. ; Zhang K. Bioinspired self-growing hydrogels by harnessing interfacial polymerization . Adv. Mater. , 2023 , 35 ( 12 ), 2210609 . doi: 10.1002/adma.202370082 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202370082

Ma Z. J. ; Song W. ; He D. ; Zhang X. ; He Y. H. ; Li H. Y. Smart µ-fiber hydrogels with macro-porous structure for sequentially promoting multiple phases of articular cartilage regeneration . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2022 , 32 ( 22 ), 2113380 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202113380 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202113380

Guo Y. Z. ; Han Y. ; Cao Y. Y. ; Chen Y. P. ; Xie J. W. ; Ding H. C. ; Liang S. F. ; Liu X. ; Sun W. J. ; Tang J. B. ; Shao S. Q. ; Xiang J. J. ; Shen Y. Q. Facile fabrication of tough super macroporous hydrogel via enhanced phase separation . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2025 , 35 ( 2 ), 2412412 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202412412 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202412412

Peng B. L. ; Lyu Q. Q. ; Li M. M. ; Du S. ; Zhu J. T. ; Zhang L. B. Phase-separated polyzwitterionic hydrogels with tunable sponge-like structures for stable solar steam generation (adv . funct. mater . 18 / 2023 ). Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023 , 33 ( 18 ), 2370113 .

Zhu J. Y. ; Zhu Y. L. ; Ye Y. H. ; Qiu Z. ; Zhang Y. F. ; Yu Z. Y. ; Sun X. ; Bressler D. C. ; Jiang F. Superelastic and ultralight aerogel assembled from hemp microfibers . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2023 , 33 ( 22 ), 2300893 . doi: 10.1002/adfm.202300893 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300893

Wei C. ; Tang P. F. ; Tang Y. H. ; Liu L. B. ; Lu X. ; Yang K. ; Wang Q. Y. ; Feng W. ; Shubhra Q. T. H. ; Wang Z. M. ; Zhang H. P. Sponge-like macroporous hydrogel with antibacterial and ROS scavenging capabilities for diabetic wound regeneration (adv . healthcare mater . 20 / 2022 ). Adv. Healthc. Mater., 2022 , 11 ( 20 ), 2270122 .

Wu Y. H. ; Qu J. K. ; Zhang X. H. ; Ao K. L. ; Zhou Z. W. ; Zheng Z. Y. ; Mu Y. J. ; Wu X. Y. ; Luo Y. ; Feng S. P. Biomechanical energy harvesters based on ionic conductive organohydrogels via the hofmeister effect and electrostatic interaction . ACS Nano , 2021 , 15 ( 8 ), 13427 - 13435 . doi: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03830 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c03830

Wei W. C. ; Chen X. J. ; Wang X. J. Nanopore sensing technique for studying the hofmeister effect . Small , 2022 , 18 ( 23 ), 2200921 . doi: 10.1002/smll.202200921 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202200921

Cao G. H. ; Zhao L. ; Ji X. W. ; Peng Y. Y. ; Yu M. M. ; Wang X. Y. ; Li X. Y. ; Ran F. " Salting out" in hofmeister effect enhancing mechanical and electrochemical performance of amide-based hydrogel electrolytes for flexible zinc-ion battery (small 30 / 2023 ). Small , 2023 , 19 ( 30 ), 2370233 .

Mehringer J. ; Hofmann E. ; Touraud D. ; Koltzenburg S. ; Kellermeier M. ; Kunz W. Salting-in and salting-out effects of short amphiphilic molecules: a balance between specific ion effects and hydrophobicity . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2021 , 23 ( 2 ), 1381 - 1391 . doi: 10.1039/D0CP05491G http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/D0CP05491G

Zhao B. N. ; Zhang Y. Z. ; Li D. D. ; Mo X. M. ; Pan J. F. Hofmeister effect-enhanced gelatin/oxidized dextran hydrogels with improved mechanical properties and biocompatibility for wound healing . Acta Biomater. , 2022 , 151 , 235 - 253 . doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.08.009

Feng X. Z. ; Xing C. ; Wang C. ; Tian Y. B. ; Shang S. B. ; Liu H. ; Huang X. J. ; Jiang J. X. ; Song Z. Q. ; Zhang H. B. Degradable, anti-swelling, high-strength cellulosic hydrogels via salting-out and ionic coordination. Int. J. Biol. Macromol ., 2024 , 267 , 131536 . doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131536 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131536

Yamazaki M. ; Yabe M. ; Iijima K. Specific ion effects on the aggregation of polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte complex particles induced by monovalent ions within Hofmeister series . J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 2023 , 643 , 305 - 317 . doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.030 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.030

Hua M. T. ; Wu S. W. ; Ma Y. F. ; Zhao Y. S. ; Chen Z. L. ; Frenkel I. ; Strzalka J. ; Zhou H. ; Zhu X. Y. ; He X. M. Strong tough hydrogels via the s ynergy of freeze-casting and salting out . Nature , 2021 , 590 ( 7847 ), 594 - 599 . doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03212-z http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03212-z

Sun X. ; Mao Y. M. ; Yu Z. Y. ; Yang P. ; Jiang F. A biomimetic "salting out: Alignment: Locking" tactic to design strong and tough hydrogel . Adv. Mater. , 2024 , 36 ( 25 ), 2400084 . doi: 10.1002/adma.202400084 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202400084

Zhang M. K. ; Liu L. ; Zhang C. L. ; Chang H. ; Zhang P. J. ; Rao W. Self-foaming as a universal route for fabricating liquid metal foams and hollow particles . Adv. Mater. Interfaces , 2021 , 8 ( 12 ), 2100432 . doi: 10.1002/admi.202100432 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admi.202100432

Krisnadi F. ; Kim S. ; Im S. ; Chacko D. ; Vong M. H. ; Rykaczewski K. ; Park S. ; Dickey M. D. Printable liquid metal foams that grow when watered . Adv. Mater. , 2024 , 36 ( 34 ), 2308862 . doi: 10.1002/adma.202308862 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202308862

Wang D. W. ; Ye J. ; Bai Y. L. ; Yang F. ; Zhang J. ; Rao W. ; Liu J. Liquid metal combinatorics toward materials discovery (adv . mater . 52 / 2023 ). Adv. Mater., 2023 , 35 ( 52 ), 2370372 .

张雪慧 , 王艳芹 , 郑强 . 仿生各向异性结构复合水凝胶及其流变学行为 . 高分子学报 , 2024 , 55 ( 8 ), 1069 - 1080 . doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2023.23275 https://dx.doi.org/10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2023.23275

Ye Y. H. ; Jiang F. Highly stretchable, durable, and transient conductive hydrogel for multi-functional sensor and signal transmission applications. Nano Energy , 2022 , 99 , 107374 . doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107374 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107374

王俣琦 , 常晓华 , 陈建闻 , 余德翔 , 陈蕤 , 赵桂艳 , 朱雨田 . 水凝胶基柔性电磁屏蔽材料研究进展 . 高分子学报 , 2026 , 57 ( 3 ), 636 - 653 . doi: 10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2025.25246 https://dx.doi.org/10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2025.25246

Liao M. H. ; Liao H. ; Ye J. J. ; Wan P. B. ; Zhang L. Q. Polyvinyl alcohol-stabilized liquid metal hydrogel for wearable transient epidermal sensors . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2019 , 11 ( 50 ), 47358 - 47364 . doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b16675 http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b16675

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Structural Design and Property of High Strength and High Transparency Bio-based Waterborne Polyurethane

Preparation of Hierachically Crosslinked Poly (acrylamide) Hydrogels by Assistance of Crystallization of Poly (vinyl alcohol)

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETIC HYDROGELS WITH HIGH STRENGTH BASED ON PICKERING EMULSION

Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide and Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by Tri-centered Aluminum Porphyrin Complexes

Preparation and Properties of Copolyester of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) with Organosilane

Related Author

Yao-wen Wu

Miao Gan

Xiu-ying Zhao

Shi-kai Hu

Li-qun Zhang

Shi Fu-kuan

Zhong Ming

Zhang Li-qin

Related Institution

Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology

State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology

Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology

AI问答

Postal code：100190
Tel：010-62588927 Email：gfzxb@iccas.ac.cn
Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备05002797号-8 京公网安备11010802046899号
It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.

⁰