纸质出版日期:2023-08-20,
网络出版日期:2023-05-18,
收稿日期:2023-03-06,
录用日期:2023-04-18
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通过广角X射线衍射和示差扫描量热技术测定了低等规度聚丁烯-1 (PB-1)在不同温度熔融并非等温结晶后形成的结晶结构. 首次观测到在常压条件下均聚聚丁烯-1熔体结晶形成晶型Ⅲ,并且发现非等温结晶过程中晶型Ⅲ的相对含量随熔融温度的升高而增加,实验结果将有助于理解PB-1的结晶和晶型转变行为.
The crystalline structure of polybutene-1 (PB-1) with low tacticity was investigated by wide angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry after heating to different melting temperatures and non-isothermal crystallization. The formation of form III was observed for the first time in the melt crystallization of PB-1 at atmospheric pressure. It was revealed that the fraction of the form III increased with the melting temperature during the non-isothermal crystallization. The results would be helpful to understand the crystallization and crystal transformation behaviors of PB-1.
首次观测到常压条件下均聚聚丁烯-1 熔体结晶形成晶型Ⅲ. 非等温结晶过程中,晶型Ⅲ的相对含量随熔体温度的升高而增加;熔体温度高于150 ℃后,晶型Ⅲ的相对含量增加缓慢. 分子链中的立构缺陷和对称性降低导致样品中直接形成晶型Ⅲ.
等规聚丁烯(iPB-1)分子链具有左/右螺旋构象,宏观上表现为外消旋特性[
晶型Ⅲ是具有4/1螺旋链的斜方晶系[
鉴于含立构缺陷的分子链可以形成晶格为4/1螺旋构象的晶型III,我们设计并合成了低等规度的聚丁烯-1,首次在常压下从均聚聚丁烯-1的熔体结晶中观测到了晶型III.
通过茂金属催化剂在35 ℃的溶液中对丁烯-1进行聚合反应,聚合结束后用10%的酸化乙醇破坏并洗去催化剂,然后通过沉淀、过滤、干燥得到PB-1;核磁共振(NMR)表征结果表明合成的PB-1的等规度为41.1%;凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测得合成PB-1的质量平均分子量为2.1×104 g/mol,分子量分布指数为1.86.
广角X射线衍射(WAXD)测试利用D8 Advanced X射线衍射仪(BRUKER)测定PB-1的结晶结构. X射线波长λ = 0.15418 nm,测试角度范围是5°~30°,步长0.01°,扫描速度0.1 s/步. 示差扫描量热测试(DSC)使用DSC 450 (Linkam Scientific Instruments Ltd.)对样品的热性能在高纯度氮气保护下进行测定. 采用的测试程序为:升温至设定温度并保温10 min,之后冷却至室温,再次升温测定加热曲线,升降温速率均为10 ℃/min.
众所周知,PB-1的晶型I、晶型I'和晶型III室温下可以稳定存在,晶型II会自发转变成晶型I[
Fig. 1 WAXD profile measured at room temperature (a) and DSC heating curve (b) of the PB-1 sample after heating to 180 ℃, cooling to room temperature and finishing crystallization transformation.
为了进一步了解样品加热到180 ℃熔融结束降至室温时的结晶结构,对降至室温后的样品立刻进行了广角X射线衍射和DSC测定,所得结果如
Fig. 2 WAXD profile measured at room temperature (a) and DSC heating curve (b) of the PB-1 sample after heating to 180 ℃ and cooling to room temperature.
从聚丁烯-1溶液结晶行为可以知道,溶液结晶温度对晶型III的形成有关键影响[
Fig. 3 WAXD profiles measured at room temperature of the PB-1 samples after heating to various temperatures and then cooling to room temperatures before (a) and after (b) crystallization transformation.
fIII=AIII(110)AIII((110) + AI(110) | (1) |
其中AⅢ(110)和AI(110)分别为晶型III的(110)晶面和晶型I的(110)晶面特征衍射峰的积分面积. 通过Peakfit软件对样品衍射峰进行分峰并对峰面积进行积分可以获得处于10.0°和12.2°的2θ处的晶型Ⅰ和晶型Ⅰ'(110)晶面和晶型III(110)晶面的衍射峰面积,利用方程(1)计算了晶型III的相对含量,计算结果如
Fig. 4 The relative fraction of form Ⅲ (obtained from WAXD) in the PB-1 samples after heating to various temperatures, cooling to room temperature and finishing crystallization transformation.
从熵的角度考虑,晶型III的熵是聚丁烯-1晶型中最低的,因此晶型III的含量随熔融温度的变化可能与分子链的熵随温度的变化以及分子链中的立构缺陷对分子链调整构象排入晶格的行为有关. 晶型III晶格的4/1螺旋结构是聚丁烯-1结晶中最疏松的晶型,低等规度聚丁烯-1分子链立构缺陷、低对称性导致分子链构象调整和变化有利于4/1螺旋构象在晶格中的堆积,从而有利于晶型III的形成. 随着熔融温度的降低,更多的无规分子链形成螺旋,同时短螺旋延伸为较长的螺旋. 此时,具有“更短”和“更宽”链构象的晶型III不再是最有利的构象. 熔融温度高于150 ℃时,晶型III相对含量逐渐稳定,在充分熔融的熔体中达到平衡. 等规度的降低导致的分子链排列缺陷,有利于松散结构晶型III的形成,从而可以直接从均聚聚丁烯-1的熔体结晶中形成晶型III.
综上所述,低等规度聚丁烯-1中的立构缺陷可以导致熔体结晶过程中直接形成稳定的晶型Ⅲ. 随熔融温度的升高,晶型Ⅲ的相对含量逐渐增加,高于150 ℃后,晶型Ⅲ的相对含量增加缓慢. 分子链中的立构缺陷和对称性降低导致分子链排列松散,从而有利于形成晶型Ⅲ. 本文所报道的PB-1的结晶行为将有助于理解PB-1的结晶和转变过程.
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